What is the term for the authority of a court to hear a case for the first time?

The authority of a court to hear a case for the first time is known as original jurisdiction. This term refers specifically to the power of a court to hear and decide a case before any appellate review takes place. Typically, a trial court possesses original jurisdiction, meaning it is where matters are initiated, evidence is presented, and determinations of fact and law are made for the first time.

In contrast, appellate jurisdiction refers to the power of higher courts to review decisions made by lower courts, which occurs after a case has already been decided. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two or more courts have the authority to hear the same case simultaneously, often between state and federal courts. Exclusive jurisdiction indicates that only one specific court has the authority to hear a case, which can pertain to certain types of disputes or specific areas of law.

Understanding these distinctions is essential because they affect where a case can be filed and how it will proceed through the judicial system. Original jurisdiction is foundational in establishing the rules of engagement for the legal process, ensuring that cases are heard fairly from their inception.